CAMERA NOTES

THE CAMERA

The camera that will be looking at is the camera that is used in film or video production. Just as in the audio we had the audio signal flow also in the video we have the video signal flow. It comes with seven basic control functions
1. Transducing
This is accomplished by the camera itself. Just like the microphone is a transducer, so is the camera in this case a transducer that receives physical energy in form of light waves and transforms it into electrical energy that is the video signals suitable for electronic distribution.
2. Routing
The video signal is the channelled directly or indirectly into the video switcher. The cameras can be patched or connected to different inputs in he switched or to other points in the master connection.
3. The most important
The switcher, just like the console is the heartbeat of audio so is the switcher the heart if the video signal control. Camera picture can be selected and combined in a variety of ways.
4. Amplification
The amplification if the video signal occurs at several different points in the total system. Whenever the signal is distributed any significant distance the various camera cables.
5. Distribution amplifiers
Used to boost the signal periodically. From the switcher, the composite signal can be sent through a process amplifier to a line monitor to a video recorder and to the transmitter, A video recorder can also be used as a picture source sending the recorder program material through the time base corrector TBC and to he switcher or to he transmitter.
6. Video shaping
Some amount of video shaping can also occur at the switcher.the function however is controlled primarily through the camera. Various types of video recorders are used for recording and playback of the television signal.
7. Monitoring
As with amplification, monitoring takes place at several different points within the system. In any regular studio production, the camera operators will have a camera monitor to enable them to see what they are picking up with their cameras. In control room that is where the director has a monitor for every camera and other video sources being used in the particular program. In master control room, an array of specalialized monitors and scopes are used for technical monitoring.

CONTROL COMPONENTS
The video signal is far much more complex than the audio signal since it takes roughly 600 times more data to produce a video signal as to produce sound over the same period of time. The picture is vulnerable to a number of disruptive influences within the system itself
1. SYNC GENERATOR
In order to co-ordinate the functioning of all components in the video system the synchronizing generator that creates a series of timings tat locks together all elements of the video at every stage of production, switching, recording, editing, transmission and reception. This sync pulse has often been called a system of electronic sprocket holes that keeps everything co-ordinated in locked up patterns.
2. PROC AMP
It is the job of the process amp to take the composite video signal from the switcher- colour, brightness and synchronizing information and then stabilizing the levels, amplifying the signal and remove unwanted elements such as noise
3. TBC
Video signals from video tape recorders will often have synchronizing pulses that has slightly altered or have deteriorated during the recording and the playback process. The time base corrector takes this signals, encodes them into digital form and then reconstructs an enhanced synchronising signal for playback and editing.
COLOUR VIDEO SYSTEM
At the centre of every television is a camera. The heart of the camera is the pick-u tube. An off sot of the CCD- charge coupled device has replaces the pick up tube as well as in computer models.
THREE ATTRIBUTES OF VIDEO COLOR
RGB red, green and blue.
To understand how the colour system works, we must look at three specific sensations or attributes that contribute to our perception
-Hue
-Saturation
-Brightness
CAMERA IMAGE-SENSING TECNOLOGIES
See fig 5-6
LENS CHARACTERISTICS
A good lens can help the cheapest camera produce a sharp and clear picture.
An inferior lens can turn the best professional camera into a blurred trash.
Zoom lenses have become the standard lenses to use.
Fixed foal length lens is far much correct and it is used in the HDTV high density television with high picture resolution.
FOCAL LENGTH
See diagram 5-9
-The focal length of a lens is measured from the optical centre point of the lens.
The shorter the lens, the wider the angle, the more the picture and the smaller the subject.
-The longer the lens, the narrower the angle, the less the picture, the bigger the subject.
FOCUSING CHARACTERISTICS
Many fixed focal length lenses have to adjustable lenses. one on the f-stop aperture opening and the other on the focussing ring.
ZOOM LENS
The development of the zoom lens allows camera operations and directors to achieve rapid continuous adjustments of the focal length of the lens and consequently to control the precise size and framing shots.
Variable focal length zoom lens Is basically an arrangement of gears and optical elements that allows the operator

OPERATOR CONTROL ADJUSTMENTS
- white balance
- video output level
- view finder visual iSndicators and controls
- Other controls.
TYPES OF CAMERA SHOTS
EWS-Extreme wide shot
The view is so far from the subject that he isn’t even visible. Often used as an establishing shot.
VWS-Very wide shot
The subject is visible barely but the emphasis is still placing him on his environment.
WS-Wide shot
The subject takes up the full frame comfortably as possible.AKA long S.
MS-Medium shot
Shows how some part of the subject in more detail will still be giving an impression of the whole subject.
MCU-Medium close shot
Half way between the MS and the CU
CU-Close up
A certain feature or part of the sub frame.
ECU-extreme close up
The ECU gets right in and shows extreme detail.
CUT-IN
Shows the other part of the subject in detail.
TWO-SHOT
This shows the shots of two people framed similarly to a mid-shot.
OSS¬-Over the sholdershot.
This is when you are looking behind from a person


Noddy shot
Usually referred to a shot of the inter reacting to the subject.

CAMERA WORK
This is the result of the interaction of four elements of movement functioning in a combination or singly:
CAMERA WORK TERMINOLOGIES
1. Dolly-in
2. Dolly out
3. Zoom in
4. Zoom out
5. Panning
6. Tilting
7. Camera –head
8. Camera mounting head
9. Camera mount
10. Cradle head
11. Zoom range
12. Pre-planning of camera work.
13. Studio crane
14. Tripod
15. Craning or booming
16. A crab shot
17. Objective perspective
18. Subjective perspective
19. Head room
20. Lead room